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Human Development


   1. The Study of Human Development
   2. Theory and Research
   3. Forming a New Life
   4. Psychosocial Development During the First Three Years
   5. Cognitive Development During the First Three Years
   6. Psychosocial Development During the First Three Years
   7. Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood
   8. Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood
   9. Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
   10. Psychosocial Development in Middle Childhood
   11. Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence
   12. Psychosocial Development in Adolescence
   13. Physical and Cognitive Development in Young Adulthood
   14. Psychosocial Development in Young Adulthood
   15. Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Adulthood
   16. Psychosocial Development in Middle Adulthood
   17. Physical and Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood
   18. Psychosocial Development in Late Adulthood
   19. Dealing with Death and Bereavement

1. The Study of Human Development

HOW THE STUDY OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT EVOLVED

Guidepost 1: What is human development, and how has its study evolved?

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT TODAY: AN INTRODUCTION TO THE FIELD

Guidepost 2: What are the four goals of the scientific study of human development, and what do developmental scientists study?

Guidepost 3: What are three major domains and eight periods of human development?

INFLUENCES ON DEVELOPMENT

Guidepost 4: What kinds of influences make one person different from another?

BALTES'S LIFE-SPAN DEVELOPMENTAL APPROACH

Guidepost 5: What are the six principles of the life-span developmental approach?

2. Theory and Research

BASIC THEORETICAL ISSUES

Guidepost 1: What purposes do theories serve?

Guidepost 2: What are three basic theoretical issues on which developmental scientists differ?

THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES

Guidepost 3: What are five theoretical perspectives on human development, and what are some theories representative of each?

RESEARCH METHODS

Guidepost 4: How do developmental scientists study people, and what are some advantages and disadvantages of each research method?

Guidepost 5: What ethical problems may arise in research on humans?

3. Forming a New Life

CONCEIVING NEW LIFE

Guidepost 1: How does conception normally occur?

Guidepost 2: What causes multiple births?

MECHANISMS OF HEREDITY

Guidepost 3: How does heredity operate in determining sex and transmitting normal and abnormal traits?

NATURE AND NURTURE: INFLUENCES OF HEREDITY AND ENVIRONMENT

Guidepost 4: How do scientists study the relative influences of heredity and environment, and how do heredity and environment work together?

Guidepost 5: What roles do heredity and environment play in physical health, intelligence, and personality?

PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT

Guidepost 6: What are the three stages of prenatal development, and what happens during each stage?

Guidepost 7: What can fetuses do?

Guidepost 8: What environmental influences can affect prenatal development?

Guidepost 9: What techniques can assess a fetus's health and well-being, and what is the importance of prenatal care?

4. Psychosocial Development During the First Three Years

THE BIRTH PROCESS

Guidepost 1: What happens during each of the four stages of childbirth?

Guidepost 2: What alternative methods and settings of delivery are available today?

THE NEWBORN BABY

Guidepost 3: How do newborn infants adjust to life outside the womb?

SURVIVAL AND HEALTH

Guidepost 4: How can we tell whether a new baby is healthy and is developing normally?

Guidepost 5: What complications of childbirth can endanger newborn babies' adjustment or even their lives?

Guidepost 6: How can we enhance babies' chances of survival and health?

EARLY PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT

Guidepost 7: What influences the growth of body and brain?

Guidepost 8: When do the senses develop?

Guidepost 9: What are some early milestones in motor development, and what are some influences on it?

5. Cognitive Development During the First Three Years

 STUDYING COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT: CLASSIC APPROACHES

Guidepost 1: How do infants learn, and how long can they remember?

Guidepost 2: Can infants' and toddlers' intelligence be measured, and how can it be improved?

Guidepost 3: How did Piaget describe infants' and toddlers' cognitive development, and how have his claims stood up?

STUDYING COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT: NEWER APPROACHES

Guidepost 4: How can we measure infants' ability to process information, and how does this ability relate to future intelligence?

Guidepost 5: When do babies begin to think about characteristics of the physical world?

Guidepost 6: What can brain research reveal about the development of cognitive skills?

Guidepost 7: How does social interaction with adults advance cognitive competence?

LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT

Guidepost 8: How do babies develop language?

Guidepost 9: What influences contribute to linguistic progress?

6. Psychosocial Development During the First Three Years

 FOUNDATIONS OF PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT

Guidepost 1: What are emotions, when do they develop, and how do babies show them?

Guidepost 2: How do infants show temperamental differences, and how enduring are those differences?

Guidepost 3: What roles do mothers and fathers play in early personality development?

DEVELOPMENTAL ISSUES IN INFANCY

Guidepost 4: How do infants gain trust in their world and form attachments?

Guidepost 5: How do infants and caregivers "read" each other's nonverbal signals, and what happens when communication breaks down?

DEVELOPMENTAL ISSUES IN TODDLERHOOD

Guidepost 6: When and how do the self and self-concept arise?

Guidepost 7: How do toddlers develop autonomy and standards for socially acceptable behavior?

CONTACT WITH OTHER CHILDREN

Guidepost 8: How do infants and toddlers interact with siblings and other children?

CHILDREN OF WORKING PARENTS

Guidepost 9: How do parental employment and early child care affect infants' and toddlers' development?

7. Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood

PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT

ASPECTS OF PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT

Guidepost 1: How do children's bodies change between ages 3 and 6, and what are their nutritional and dental needs?

Guidepost 2: What sleep patterns and problems tend to develop during early childhood?

MOTOR DEVELOPMENT

Guidepost 3: What are the main motor achievements of early childhood?

HEALTH AND SAFETY

Guidepost 4: What are the major health and safety risks for young children?

COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT

PIAGETIAN APPROACH: THE PREOPERATIONAL CHILD

Guidepost 5: What are typical cognitive advances and immature aspects of preschool children's thinking?

LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT AND OTHER COGNITIVE ABILITIES

Guidepost 6: How does language improve, and what happens when its development is delayed?

Guidepost 7: What memory abilities expand in early childhood?

Guidepost 8: How is preschoolers' intelligence measured, and what are some influences on it?

EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION

Guidepost 9: What purposes does early childhood education serve, and how do children make the transition to kindergarten?

8. Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood

THE DEVELOPING SELF

Guidepost 1: How does the self-concept develop during early childhood, and how do children advance in understanding their emotions?

Guidepost 2: How do young children develop initiative and self-esteem?

GENDER

Guidepost 3: How do boys and girls become aware of the meaning of gender, and what explains differences in behavior between the sexes?

PLAY

Guidepost 4: How do preschoolers play, and how does play contribute to and reflect development?

PARENTING

Guidepost 5: What forms of discipline do parents use, and how do parenting styles and practices influence development?

Guidepost 6: Why do young children help or hurt others, and why do they develop fears?

Guidepost 7: What causes child abuse and neglect, and what are the effects of maltreatment?

RELATIONSHIPS WITH OTHER CHILDREN

Guidepost 8: How do young children get along with (or without) siblings?

Guidepost 9: How do young children choose playmates and friends, and why are some children more popular than others?

9. Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood

PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT

ASPECTS OF PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT

Guidepost 1: What gains in growth and motor development occur during middle childhood, and what nutritional hazards do children face?

HEALTH AND SAFETY

Guidepost 2: What are the principal health and safety concerns about school-age children?

COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT

PIAGETIAN APPROACH: THE CONCRETE OPERATIONAL CHILD

Guidepost 3: How do school-age children's thinking and moral reasoning differ from those of younger children?

INFORMATION PROCESSING AND INTELLIGENCE

Guidepost 4: What advances in memory and other information-processing skills occur during middle childhood?

Guidepost 5: How accurately can schoolchildren's intelligence be measured?

LANGUAGE AND LITERACY

Guidepost 6: How do communicative abilities and literacy expand during middle childhood?

THE CHILD IN SCHOOL

Guidepost 7: What influences school achievement?

Guidepost 8: How do schools meet the needs of non-English-speaking children and those with learning problems?

Guidepost 9: How is giftedness assessed and nurtured?

10. Psychosocial Development in Middle Childhood

THE DEVELOPING SELF

Guidepost 1: How do school-age children develop a realistic self-concept, and what contributes to self-esteem?

Guidepost 2: How do school-age children show emotional growth?

THE CHILD IN THE FAMILY

Guidepost 3: How do parent-child relationships change in middle childhood?

Guidepost 4: What are the effects of parents' work and of poverty on family atmosphere?

Guidepost 5: What impact does family structure have on children's development?

Guidepost 6: How do siblings influence and get along with one another?

THE CHILD IN THE PEER GROUP

Guidepost 7: How do relationships with peers change in middle childhood, and what influences popularity and choice of friends?

Guidepost 8: What are the most common forms of aggressive behavior in middle childhood, and what influences contribute to it?

MENTAL HEALTH

Guidepost 9: What emotional disorders may develop in childhood, and how are they treated?

Guidepost 10: How do the stresses of modern life affect children, and why are some children more resilient than others?

11. Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence

ADOLESCENCE: A DEVELOPMENTAL TRANSITION

Guidepost 1: What is adolescence, when does it begin and end, and what opportunities and risks does it entail?

PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT-

PUBERTY: THE END OF CHILDHOOD

Guidepost 2: What physical changes do adolescents experience, and how do these changes affect them psychologically?

PHYSICAL AND MENTAL HEALTH

Guidepost 3: What are some common health problems in adolescence, and how can they be prevented?

COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT

ASPECTS OF COGNITIVE MATURATION

Guidepost 4: How do adolescents' thinking and use of language differ from younger children's?

Guidepost 5: On what basis do adolescents make moral judgments?

EDUCATIONAL AND VOCATIONAL ISSUES

Guidepost 6: What influences affect school success, and why do some students drop out?

Guidepost 7: What factors affect educational and vocational planning and preparation?

12. Psychosocial Development in Adolescence

THE SEARCH FOR IDENTITY

Guidepost 1: How do adolescents form an identity?

SEXUALITY

Guidepost 2: What determines sexual orientation?

Guidepost 3: What sexual practices are common among adolescents, and what leads some to engage in risky sexual behavior?

Guidepost 4: How common are sexually transmitted diseases and teenage pregnancy, and what are their usual outcomes?

RELATIONSHIPS WITH FAMILY, PEERS, AND ADULT SOCIETY

Guidepost 5: How typical is "adolescent rebellion"?

Guidepost 6: How do adolescents relate to parents, siblings, and peers?

Guidepost 7: What are the root causes of antisocial behavior and juvenile delinquency, and what can be done to reduce these and other risks of adolescence?

13. Physical and Cognitive Development in Young Adulthood

PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT

HEALTH AND PHYSICAL CONDITION

Guidepost 1: In what physical condition is the typical young adult, and what factors affect health and well-being?

SEXUAL AND REPRODUCTIVE ISSUES

Guidepost 2: What are some sexual and reproductive issues at this time of life?

COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT

PERSPECTIVES ON ADULT COGNITION

Guidepost 3: What is distinctive about adult thought and intelligence?

MORAL DEVELOPMENT

Guidepost 4: How do moral reasoning and faith develop?

EDUCATION AND WORK

Guidepost 5: How do higher education and work affect cognitive development?

Guidepost 6: How can continuing education help adults meet workplace demands?

14. Psychosocial Development in Young Adulthood

PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT: FOUR VIEWS

Guidepost 1: Does personality change during adulthood, and if so, how?

FOUNDATIONS OF INTIMATE RELATIONSHIPS

Guidepost 2: What is intimacy, and how is it expressed in friendship, love, and sexuality?

NONMARITAL AND MARITAL LIFESTYLES

Guidepost 3: Why do some people remain single?

Guidepost 4: How do homosexuals deal with "coming out," and what is the nature of gay and lesbian relationships?

Guidepost 5: What are the pros and cons of cohabitation?

Guidepost 6: What do adults gain from marriage, what cultural patterns surround entrance into marriage, and why do some marriages succeed while others fail?

PARENTHOOD

Guidepost 7: When do most adults become parents, and how does parenthood affect a marriage?

Guidepost 8: How do dual-earner couples divide responsibilities and deal with role conflicts?

WHEN MARRIAGE ENDS

Guidepost 9: Why have divorce rates risen, and how do adults adjust to divorce, remarriage, and stepparenthood?

15. Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Adulthood

MIDDLE AGE: A CULTURAL CONSTRUCT

Guidepost 1: What are the distinguishing features of middle age?

PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT

PHYSICAL CHANGES

Guidepost 2: What physical changes generally occur during the middle years, and what is their psychological impact?

HEALTH

Guidepost 3: What factors affect health at midlife?

COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT

MEASURING COGNITIVE ABILITIES IN MIDDLE AGE

Guidepost 4: What cognitive gains and losses occur during middle age?

THE DISTINCTIVENESS OF ADULT COGNITION

Guidepost 5: Do mature adults think differently than younger people do?

CREATIVITY

Guidepost 6: What accounts for creative achievement, and how does it change with age?

WORK AND EDUCATION: ARE AGE-BASED ROLES OBSOLETE?

Guidepost 7: How have work patterns changed, and how does work contribute to cognitive development?

Guidepost 8: What is the value of education for mature learners?

16. Psychosocial Development in Middle Adulthood

LOOKING AT THE LIFE COURSE IN MIDDLE AGE

Guidepost 1: How do developmental scientists approach the study of psychosocial development in middle adulthood?

CHANGE AT MIDLIFE: CLASSIC THEORETICAL APPROACHES

Guidepost 2: What did classic theorists have to say about psychosocial change in middle age?

THE SELF AT MIDLIFE: ISSUES AND THEMES

Guidepost 3: What issues concerning the self come to the fore during middle adulthood?

CHANGES IN RELATIONSHIPS AT MIDLIFE

Guidepost 4: What role do social relationships play in the lives of middle-aged people?

CONSENSUAL RELATIONSHIPS

Guidepost 5: Do marriages become happier or unhappier during the middle years?

Guidepost 6: How common is divorce at this time of life?

Guidepost 7: How do gay and lesbian relationships compare with heterosexual ones?

Guidepost 8: How do friendships fare during middle age?

RELATIONSHIPS WITH MATURING CHILDREN

Guidepost 9: How do parent-child relationships change as children approach and reach adulthood?

OTHER KINSHIP TIES

Guidepost 10: How do middle-aged people get along with parents and siblings?

GRANDPARENTHOOD

Guidepost 11: How has grandparenthood changed, and what roles do grandparents play?

17. Physical and Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood

OLD AGE TODAY

Guidepost 1: How is today's older population changing?

PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT

LONGEVITY AND AGING

Guidepost 2: How has life expectancy changed, and how does it vary?

Guidepost 3: What theories have been advanced for causes of aging, and what does research suggest about possibilities for extending the life span?

PHYSICAL CHANGES

Guidepost 4: What physical changes occur during old age, and how do these changes vary among individuals?

PHYSICAL AND MENTAL HEALTH

Guidepost 5: What health problems are common in late adulthood, and what factors influence health at that time?

Guidepost 6: What mental and behavioral disorders do some older people experience?

COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT

ASPECTS OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT

Guidepost 7: What gains and losses in cognitive abilities tend to occur in late adulthood, and are there ways to improve older people's cognitive performance?

LIFELONG LEARNING

Guidepost 8: What educational opportunities can older adults pursue?

18. Psychosocial Development in Late Adulthood

THEORY AND RESEARCH ON PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT

Guidepost 1: What happens to personality in old age?

Guidepost 2: What special issues or tasks do older people need to deal with?

Guidepost 3: How do older adults cope?

Guidepost 4: Is there such a thing as successful aging? If so, how can it be defined and measured?

LIFESTYLE AND SOCIAL ISSUES RELATED TO AGING

Guidepost 5: What are some issues regarding work and retirement in late life, and how do older adults handle time and money?

Guidepost 6: What options for living arrangements do older adults have?

PERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS IN LATE LIFE

Guidepost 7: How do personal relationships change in old age, and what is their effect on well-being?

CONSENSUAL RELATIONSHIPS

Guidepost 8: What are the characteristics of long-term marriages in late life, and what impact do divorce, remarriage, and widowhood have at this time?

Guidepost 9: How do unmarried older people and those in gay and lesbian relationships fare?

Guidepost 10: How does friendship change in old age?

NONMARITAL KINSHIP TIES

Guidepost 11: How do older adults get along with--or without--grown children and with siblings, and how do they adjust to great-grandparenthood?

19. Dealing with Death and Bereavement

THE MANY FACES OF DEATH

Guidepost 1: How do attitudes and customs concerning death differ across cultures?

Guidepost 2: What are the implications of the "mortality revolution," and how does it affect care of the dying?

FACING DEATH AND LOSS: PSYCHOLOGICAL ISSUES

Guidepost 3: How do people change as they confront their own death?

Guidepost 4: Is there a normal pattern of grieving?

DEATH AND BEREAVEMENT ACROSS THE LIFE SPAN

Guidepost 5: How do attitudes and understandings about death and bereavement differ across the life span?

Guidepost 6: What special challenges are involved in surviving a spouse, a parent, or a child, or in mourning a miscarriage?

MEDICAL, LEGAL, AND ETHICAL ISSUES: THE "RIGHT TO DIE"

Guidepost 7: How common is suicide?

Guidepost 8: Why are attitudes toward euthanasia ("mercy killing") and assisted suicide changing, and what concerns do these practices raise?

FINDING MEANING AND PURPOSE IN LIFE AND DEATH

Guidepost 9: How can people overcome fear of dying and come to terms with death?

 

 

Human Development, 10/e
Diane E. Papalia
Sally Wendkos Olds
Ruth Duskin Feldman


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